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Karl Marx
Karl Marx〔The name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error. His birth certificate says "Carl Marx", and elsewhere "Karl Marx" is used. "K. H. Marx" is used only in his poetry collections and the transcript of his dissertation; because Marx wanted to honour his father, who had died in 1838, he called himself "Karl Heinrich" in three documents. The article by Friedrich Engels "Marx, Karl Heinrich" in ''Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften'' (Jena, 1892, column 1130 to 1133 see ''MECW'' Volume 22, pp. 337–345) does not justify assigning Marx a middle name. See Heinz Monz: ''Karl Marx. Grundlagen zu Leben und Werk''. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 214 and 354, respectively.〕 (;〔("Marx" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 (:ˈkaɐ̯l ˈmaɐ̯ks); 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Born in Prussia (now Rhineland-Palatinate), he later became stateless and spent much of his life in London. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought.〔Roberto Mangabeira Unger. ''Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.〕〔John Hicks, "Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern." ''The American Economic Review'' 64.2 (May 1974) p. 307: "The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history..."〕〔Joseph Schumpeter Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. Volume 26 of Unwin University books. Edition 4, Taylor & Francis Group, 1952 ISBN 0415110785, 9780415110785〕〔 He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being ''The Communist Manifesto'' (1848) and ''Das Kapital'' (1867–1894).
Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Trier in the Prussian Rhineland, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. After his studies he wrote for the ''Rheinische Zeitung'', a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out the theory of the materialist conception of history. He moved to Paris in 1843, where he began writing for other radical newspapers and met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong friend and collaborator. In 1849 he was exiled and moved to London together with his wife and children, where he continued writing and formulating his theories about social and economic activity. He also campaigned for socialism and became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.
Marx's theories about society, economics and politics—the collective understanding of which is known as Marxism—hold that human societies progress through class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class that controls production and a dispossessed labouring class that provides the labour for production. States, Marx believed, were run on behalf of the ruling class and in their interest while representing it as the common interest of all;〔". For each new class which puts itself in the place of one ruling before it is compelled, merely in order to carry through its aim, to represent its interest as the common interest of all the members of society, that is, expressed in ideal form: it has to give its ideas the form of universality, and represent them as the only rational, universally valid ones." See: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm〕 and he predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism. He argued that class antagonisms under capitalism between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventuate in the working class' conquest of political power and eventually establish a classless society, communism, a society governed by a free association of producers.〔Karl Marx: (''Critique of the Gotha Program'' ) (Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume Three, pp. 13–30;)〕〔In (Letter from Karl Marx to Joseph Weydemeyer ) (''MECW'' Volume 39, p. 58; )〕 Marx actively fought for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change.〔
Both lauded and criticised, Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history.〔 Many intellectuals, labour unions and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's ideas, with many variations on his groundwork. Marx is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.〔
==Early life==
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